# sqlite/pysqlite.py # Copyright (C) 2005-2019 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors # <see AUTHORS file> # # This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under # the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php r""" .. dialect:: sqlite+pysqlite :name: pysqlite :dbapi: sqlite3 :connectstring: sqlite+pysqlite:///file_path :url: http://docs.python.org/library/sqlite3.html Note that ``pysqlite`` is the same driver as the ``sqlite3`` module included with the Python distribution. Driver ------ When using Python 2.5 and above, the built in ``sqlite3`` driver is already installed and no additional installation is needed. Otherwise, the ``pysqlite2`` driver needs to be present. This is the same driver as ``sqlite3``, just with a different name. The ``pysqlite2`` driver will be loaded first, and if not found, ``sqlite3`` is loaded. This allows an explicitly installed pysqlite driver to take precedence over the built in one. As with all dialects, a specific DBAPI module may be provided to :func:`~sqlalchemy.create_engine()` to control this explicitly:: from sqlite3 import dbapi2 as sqlite e = create_engine('sqlite+pysqlite:///file.db', module=sqlite) Connect Strings --------------- The file specification for the SQLite database is taken as the "database" portion of the URL. Note that the format of a SQLAlchemy url is:: driver://user:pass@host/database This means that the actual filename to be used starts with the characters to the **right** of the third slash. So connecting to a relative filepath looks like:: # relative path e = create_engine('sqlite:///path/to/database.db') An absolute path, which is denoted by starting with a slash, means you need **four** slashes:: # absolute path e = create_engine('sqlite:////path/to/database.db') To use a Windows path, regular drive specifications and backslashes can be used. Double backslashes are probably needed:: # absolute path on Windows e = create_engine('sqlite:///C:\\path\\to\\database.db') The sqlite ``:memory:`` identifier is the default if no filepath is present. Specify ``sqlite://`` and nothing else:: # in-memory database e = create_engine('sqlite://') Compatibility with sqlite3 "native" date and datetime types ----------------------------------------------------------- The pysqlite driver includes the sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES and sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES options, which have the effect of any column or expression explicitly cast as "date" or "timestamp" will be converted to a Python date or datetime object. The date and datetime types provided with the pysqlite dialect are not currently compatible with these options, since they render the ISO date/datetime including microseconds, which pysqlite's driver does not. Additionally, SQLAlchemy does not at this time automatically render the "cast" syntax required for the freestanding functions "current_timestamp" and "current_date" to return datetime/date types natively. Unfortunately, pysqlite does not provide the standard DBAPI types in ``cursor.description``, leaving SQLAlchemy with no way to detect these types on the fly without expensive per-row type checks. Keeping in mind that pysqlite's parsing option is not recommended, nor should be necessary, for use with SQLAlchemy, usage of PARSE_DECLTYPES can be forced if one configures "native_datetime=True" on create_engine():: engine = create_engine('sqlite://', connect_args={'detect_types': sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES|sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES}, native_datetime=True ) With this flag enabled, the DATE and TIMESTAMP types (but note - not the DATETIME or TIME types...confused yet ?) will not perform any bind parameter or result processing. Execution of "func.current_date()" will return a string. "func.current_timestamp()" is registered as returning a DATETIME type in SQLAlchemy, so this function still receives SQLAlchemy-level result processing. .. _pysqlite_threading_pooling: Threading/Pooling Behavior --------------------------- Pysqlite's default behavior is to prohibit the usage of a single connection in more than one thread. This is originally intended to work with older versions of SQLite that did not support multithreaded operation under various circumstances. In particular, older SQLite versions did not allow a ``:memory:`` database to be used in multiple threads under any circumstances. Pysqlite does include a now-undocumented flag known as ``check_same_thread`` which will disable this check, however note that pysqlite connections are still not safe to use in concurrently in multiple threads. In particular, any statement execution calls would need to be externally mutexed, as Pysqlite does not provide for thread-safe propagation of error messages among other things. So while even ``:memory:`` databases can be shared among threads in modern SQLite, Pysqlite doesn't provide enough thread-safety to make this usage worth it. SQLAlchemy sets up pooling to work with Pysqlite's default behavior: * When a ``:memory:`` SQLite database is specified, the dialect by default will use :class:`.SingletonThreadPool`. This pool maintains a single connection per thread, so that all access to the engine within the current thread use the same ``:memory:`` database - other threads would access a different ``:memory:`` database. * When a file-based database is specified, the dialect will use :class:`.NullPool` as the source of connections. This pool closes and discards connections which are returned to the pool immediately. SQLite file-based connections have extremely low overhead, so pooling is not necessary. The scheme also prevents a connection from being used again in a different thread and works best with SQLite's coarse-grained file locking. Using a Memory Database in Multiple Threads ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ To use a ``:memory:`` database in a multithreaded scenario, the same connection object must be shared among threads, since the database exists only within the scope of that connection. The :class:`.StaticPool` implementation will maintain a single connection globally, and the ``check_same_thread`` flag can be passed to Pysqlite as ``False``:: from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool engine = create_engine('sqlite://', connect_args={'check_same_thread':False}, poolclass=StaticPool) Note that using a ``:memory:`` database in multiple threads requires a recent version of SQLite. Using Temporary Tables with SQLite ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Due to the way SQLite deals with temporary tables, if you wish to use a temporary table in a file-based SQLite database across multiple checkouts from the connection pool, such as when using an ORM :class:`.Session` where the temporary table should continue to remain after :meth:`.Session.commit` or :meth:`.Session.rollback` is called, a pool which maintains a single connection must be used. Use :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` if the scope is only needed within the current thread, or :class:`.StaticPool` is scope is needed within multiple threads for this case:: # maintain the same connection per thread from sqlalchemy.pool import SingletonThreadPool engine = create_engine('sqlite:///mydb.db', poolclass=SingletonThreadPool) # maintain the same connection across all threads from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool engine = create_engine('sqlite:///mydb.db', poolclass=StaticPool) Note that :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` should be configured for the number of threads that are to be used; beyond that number, connections will be closed out in a non deterministic way. Unicode ------- The pysqlite driver only returns Python ``unicode`` objects in result sets, never plain strings, and accommodates ``unicode`` objects within bound parameter values in all cases. Regardless of the SQLAlchemy string type in use, string-based result values will by Python ``unicode`` in Python 2. The :class:`.Unicode` type should still be used to indicate those columns that require unicode, however, so that non-``unicode`` values passed inadvertently will emit a warning. Pysqlite will emit an error if a non-``unicode`` string is passed containing non-ASCII characters. .. _pysqlite_serializable: Serializable isolation / Savepoints / Transactional DDL ------------------------------------------------------- In the section :ref:`sqlite_concurrency`, we refer to the pysqlite driver's assortment of issues that prevent several features of SQLite from working correctly. The pysqlite DBAPI driver has several long-standing bugs which impact the correctness of its transactional behavior. In its default mode of operation, SQLite features such as SERIALIZABLE isolation, transactional DDL, and SAVEPOINT support are non-functional, and in order to use these features, workarounds must be taken. The issue is essentially that the driver attempts to second-guess the user's intent, failing to start transactions and sometimes ending them prematurely, in an effort to minimize the SQLite databases's file locking behavior, even though SQLite itself uses "shared" locks for read-only activities. SQLAlchemy chooses to not alter this behavior by default, as it is the long-expected behavior of the pysqlite driver; if and when the pysqlite driver attempts to repair these issues, that will be more of a driver towards defaults for SQLAlchemy. The good news is that with a few events, we can implement transactional support fully, by disabling pysqlite's feature entirely and emitting BEGIN ourselves. This is achieved using two event listeners:: from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event engine = create_engine("sqlite:///myfile.db") @event.listens_for(engine, "connect") def do_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record): # disable pysqlite's emitting of the BEGIN statement entirely. # also stops it from emitting COMMIT before any DDL. dbapi_connection.isolation_level = None @event.listens_for(engine, "begin") def do_begin(conn): # emit our own BEGIN conn.execute("BEGIN") Above, we intercept a new pysqlite connection and disable any transactional integration. Then, at the point at which SQLAlchemy knows that transaction scope is to begin, we emit ``"BEGIN"`` ourselves. When we take control of ``"BEGIN"``, we can also control directly SQLite's locking modes, introduced at `BEGIN TRANSACTION <http://sqlite.org/lang_transaction.html>`_, by adding the desired locking mode to our ``"BEGIN"``:: @event.listens_for(engine, "begin") def do_begin(conn): conn.execute("BEGIN EXCLUSIVE") .. seealso:: `BEGIN TRANSACTION <http://sqlite.org/lang_transaction.html>`_ - on the SQLite site `sqlite3 SELECT does not BEGIN a transaction <http://bugs.python.org/issue9924>`_ - on the Python bug tracker `sqlite3 module breaks transactions and potentially corrupts data <http://bugs.python.org/issue10740>`_ - on the Python bug tracker """ # noqa import os from .base import DATE from .base import DATETIME from .base import SQLiteDialect from ... import exc from ... import pool from ... import types as sqltypes from ... import util class _SQLite_pysqliteTimeStamp(DATETIME): def bind_processor(self, dialect): if dialect.native_datetime: return None else: return DATETIME.bind_processor(self, dialect) def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype): if dialect.native_datetime: return None else: return DATETIME.result_processor(self, dialect, coltype) class _SQLite_pysqliteDate(DATE): def bind_processor(self, dialect): if dialect.native_datetime: return None else: return DATE.bind_processor(self, dialect) def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype): if dialect.native_datetime: return None else: return DATE.result_processor(self, dialect, coltype) class SQLiteDialect_pysqlite(SQLiteDialect): default_paramstyle = "qmark" colspecs = util.update_copy( SQLiteDialect.colspecs, { sqltypes.Date: _SQLite_pysqliteDate, sqltypes.TIMESTAMP: _SQLite_pysqliteTimeStamp, }, ) if not util.py2k: description_encoding = None driver = "pysqlite" def __init__(self, **kwargs): SQLiteDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs) if self.dbapi is not None: sqlite_ver = self.dbapi.version_info if sqlite_ver < (2, 1, 3): util.warn( ( "The installed version of pysqlite2 (%s) is out-dated " "and will cause errors in some cases. Version 2.1.3 " "or greater is recommended." ) % ".".join([str(subver) for subver in sqlite_ver]) ) @classmethod def dbapi(cls): try: from pysqlite2 import dbapi2 as sqlite except ImportError: try: from sqlite3 import dbapi2 as sqlite # try 2.5+ stdlib name. except ImportError as e: raise e return sqlite @classmethod def get_pool_class(cls, url): if url.database and url.database != ":memory:": return pool.NullPool else: return pool.SingletonThreadPool def _get_server_version_info(self, connection): return self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info def create_connect_args(self, url): if url.username or url.password or url.host or url.port: raise exc.ArgumentError( "Invalid SQLite URL: %s\n" "Valid SQLite URL forms are:\n" " sqlite:///:memory: (or, sqlite://)\n" " sqlite:///relative/path/to/file.db\n" " sqlite:////absolute/path/to/file.db" % (url,) ) filename = url.database or ":memory:" if filename != ":memory:": filename = os.path.abspath(filename) opts = url.query.copy() util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "timeout", float) util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "isolation_level", str) util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "detect_types", int) util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "check_same_thread", bool) util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "cached_statements", int) return ([filename], opts) def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor): return isinstance( e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError ) and "Cannot operate on a closed database." in str(e) dialect = SQLiteDialect_pysqlite