# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # Copyright (C) 2010, 2011, 2012 Sebastian Wiesner <lunaryorn@googlemail.com> # This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the # Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your # option) any later version. # This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License # for more details. # You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License # along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA """ pyudev.monitor ============== Monitor implementation. .. moduleauthor:: Sebastian Wiesner <lunaryorn@googlemail.com> """ from __future__ import (print_function, division, unicode_literals, absolute_import) import os import sys import select from threading import Thread from contextlib import closing from pyudev._util import ensure_byte_string, ensure_unicode_string, reraise, eintr_retry_call from pyudev.core import Device __all__ = ['Monitor', 'MonitorObserver'] class Monitor(object): """ Monitor udev events: >>> context = pyudev.Context() >>> monitor = pyudev.Monitor.from_netlink(context) >>> monitor.filter_by(subsystem='input') >>> for action, device in monitor: ... print('{0}: {1}'.format(action, device)) ... A :class:`Monitor` objects connects to the udev daemon and listens for changes to the device list. A monitor is created by connecting to the kernel daemon through netlink (see :meth:`from_netlink`). Alternatively, connections to arbitrary daemons can be made using :meth:`from_socket`, which is however only seldom of use. Once the monitor is created, you can add a filter using :meth:`filter_by()` or :meth:`filter_by_tag()` to drop incoming events in subsystems, which are not of interest to the application. If the monitor is eventually set up, you can either iterate over the :class:`Monitor` object to synchronously receive events (see :meth:`__iter__()`) or use a :class:`MonitorObserver` to asynchronously react on events. Moreover the monitor provides a real file descriptor (see :meth:`fileno()`), which is :func:`selectable <select.select>`, so you can also plug the monitor into custom notification mechanisms. Do *not* read or write on this file descriptor. Instances of this class can directly be given as ``udev_monitor *`` to functions wrapped through :mod:`ctypes`. """ def __init__(self, context, monitor_p, socket_path=None): self.context = context self._as_parameter_ = monitor_p self._socket_path = socket_path self._libudev = context._libudev def _reraise_with_socket_path(self): _, exc_value, traceback = sys.exc_info() exc_value.filename = self._socket_path reraise(exc_value, traceback) def __del__(self): self._libudev.udev_monitor_unref(self) @classmethod def from_netlink(cls, context, source='udev'): """ Create a monitor by connecting to the kernel daemon through netlink. ``context`` is the :class:`Context` to use. ``source`` is a string, describing the event source. Two sources are available: ``'udev'`` (the default) Events emitted after udev as registered and configured the device. This is the absolutely recommended source for applications. ``'kernel'`` Events emitted directly after the kernel has seen the device. The device has not yet been configured by udev and might not be usable at all. **Never** use this, unless you know what you are doing. Return a new :class:`Monitor` object, which is connected to the given source. Raise :exc:`~exceptions.ValueError`, if an invalid source has been specified. Raise :exc:`~exceptions.EnvironmentError`, if the creation of the monitor failed. """ if source not in ('kernel', 'udev'): raise ValueError('Invalid source: {0!r}. Must be one of "udev" ' 'or "kernel"'.format(source)) monitor = context._libudev.udev_monitor_new_from_netlink( context, ensure_byte_string(source)) if not monitor: raise EnvironmentError('Could not create udev monitor') return cls(context, monitor) @classmethod def from_socket(cls, context, socket_path): """ Connect to an arbitrary udev daemon using the given ``socket_path``. ``context`` is the :class:`Context` to use. ``socket_path`` is a byte or unicode string, pointing to an existing socket. If the path starts with a ``@``, use an abstract namespace socket. If ``socket_path`` does not exist, fall back to an abstract namespace socket. The caller is responsible for permissions and cleanup of the socket file. Return a new :class:`Monitor` object, which is connected to the given socket. Raise :exc:`~exceptions.EnvironmentError`, if the creation of the monitor failed. """ monitor = context._libudev.udev_monitor_new_from_socket( context, ensure_byte_string(socket_path)) if not monitor: raise EnvironmentError('Could not create monitor for socket: ' '{0!r}'.format(socket_path)) return cls(context, monitor, socket_path=socket_path) def fileno(self): """ Return the file description associated with this monitor as integer. This is really a real file descriptor ;), which can be watched and :func:`select.select`\ ed. """ return self._libudev.udev_monitor_get_fd(self) def filter_by(self, subsystem, device_type=None): """ Filter incoming events. ``subsystem`` is a byte or unicode string with the name of a subsystem (e.g. ``'input'``). Only events originating from the given subsystem pass the filter and are handed to the caller. If given, ``device_type`` is a byte or unicode string specifying the device type. Only devices with the given device type are propagated to the caller. If ``device_type`` is not given, no additional filter for a specific device type is installed. These filters are executed inside the kernel, and client processes will usually not be woken up for device, that do not match these filters. .. versionchanged:: 0.15 This method can also be after :meth:`enable_receiving()` now """ subsystem = ensure_byte_string(subsystem) if device_type: device_type = ensure_byte_string(device_type) self._libudev.udev_monitor_filter_add_match_subsystem_devtype( self, subsystem, device_type) self._libudev.udev_monitor_filter_update(self) def filter_by_tag(self, tag): """ Filter incoming events by the given ``tag``. ``tag`` is a byte or unicode string with the name of a tag. Only events for devices which have this tag attached pass the filter and are handed to the caller. Like with :meth:`filter_by` this filter is also executed inside the kernel, so that client processes are usually not woken up for devices without the given ``tag``. .. udevversion:: 154 .. versionadded:: 0.9 .. versionchanged:: 0.15 This method can also be after :meth:`enable_receiving()` now """ self._libudev.udev_monitor_filter_add_match_tag( self, ensure_byte_string(tag)) self._libudev.udev_monitor_filter_update(self) def remove_filter(self): """ Remove any filters installed with :meth:`filter_by()` or :meth:`filter_by_tag()` from this monitor. .. warning:: Up to udev 181 (and possibly even later versions) the underlying ``udev_monitor_filter_remove()`` seems to be broken. If used with affected versions this method always raises :exc:`~exceptions.ValueError`. Raise :exc:`~exceptions.EnvironmentError` if removal of installed filters failed. .. versionadded:: 0.15 """ self._libudev.udev_monitor_filter_remove(self) self._libudev.udev_monitor_filter_update(self) def enable_receiving(self): """ Switch the monitor into listing mode. Connect to the event source and receive incoming events. Only after calling this method, the monitor listens for incoming events. .. note:: This method is implicitly called by :meth:`__iter__`. You don't need to call it explicitly, if you are iterating over the monitor. """ try: self._libudev.udev_monitor_enable_receiving(self) except EnvironmentError: self._reraise_with_socket_path() start = enable_receiving def set_receive_buffer_size(self, size): """ Set the receive buffer ``size``. ``size`` is the requested buffer size in bytes, as integer. .. note:: The CAP_NET_ADMIN capability must be contained in the effective capability set of the caller for this method to succeed. Otherwise :exc:`~exceptions.EnvironmentError` will be raised, with ``errno`` set to :data:`~errno.EPERM`. Unprivileged processes typically lack this capability. You can check the capabilities of the current process with the python-prctl_ module: >>> import prctl >>> prctl.cap_effective.net_admin Raise :exc:`~exceptions.EnvironmentError`, if the buffer size could not bet set. .. versionadded:: 0.13 .. _python-prctl: http://packages.python.org/python-prctl """ try: self._libudev.udev_monitor_set_receive_buffer_size(self, size) except EnvironmentError: self._reraise_with_socket_path() def receive_device(self): """ Receive a single device from the monitor. The caller must make sure, that there are events available in the event queue. The call blocks, until a device is available. If a device was available, return ``(action, device)``. ``device`` is the :class:`Device` object describing the device. ``action`` is a string describing the action. udev informs about the following actions: ``'add'`` A device has been added (e.g. a USB device was plugged in) ``'remove'`` A device has been removed (e.g. a USB device was unplugged) ``'change'`` Something about the device changed (e.g. a device property) ``'move'`` The device was renamed, moved, or re-parented Raise :exc:`~exceptions.EnvironmentError`, if no device could be read. """ try: device_p = self._libudev.udev_monitor_receive_device(self) except EnvironmentError: self._reraise_with_socket_path() if not device_p: raise EnvironmentError('Could not receive device') action = ensure_unicode_string( self._libudev.udev_device_get_action(device_p)) return action, Device(self.context, device_p) def __iter__(self): """ Wait for incoming events and receive them upon arrival. This methods implicitly calls :meth:`enable_receiving`, and starts polling the :meth:`fileno` of this monitor. If a event comes in, it receives the corresponding device and yields it to the caller. The returned iterator is endless, and continues receiving devices without ever stopping. Yields ``(action, device)`` (see :meth:`receive_device` for a description). """ self.enable_receiving() with closing(select.epoll()) as notifier: notifier.register(self, select.EPOLLIN) while True: events = eintr_retry_call(notifier.poll) for event in events: yield self.receive_device() class MonitorObserver(Thread): """ A :class:`~threading.Thread` class to observe a :class:`Monitor` in background: >>> context = pyudev.Context() >>> monitor = pyudev.Monitor.from_netlink(context) >>> monitor.filter_by(subsystem='input') >>> def print_device_event(action, device): ... print('background event {0}: {1}'.format(action, device)) >>> observer = MonitorObserver(monitor, print_device_event, name='monitor-observer') >>> observer.daemon True >>> observer.start() In the above example, input device events will be printed in background, until :meth:`stop()` is called on ``observer``. .. note:: Instances of this class are always created as daemon thread. If you do not want to use daemon threads for monitoring, you need explicitly set :attr:`~threading.Thread.daemon` to ``False`` before invoking :meth:`~threading.Thread.start()`. .. versionadded:: 0.14 .. versionchanged:: 0.15 :meth:`Monitor.enable_receiving()` is implicitly called when the thread is started. """ def __init__(self, monitor, event_handler, *args, **kwargs): """ Create a new observer for the given ``monitor``. ``monitor`` is the :class:`Monitor` to observe. ``event_handler`` is a callable with the signature ``event_handler(action, device)``, where ``action`` is a string describing the event (see :meth:`Monitor.receive_device`), and ``device`` is the :class:`Device` object that caused this event. This callable is invoked for every device event received through ``monitor``. .. warning:: ``event_handler`` is always invoked in this background thread, and *not* in the calling thread. ``args`` and ``kwargs`` are passed unchanged to the parent constructor of :class:`~threading.Thread`. """ Thread.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs) self.monitor = monitor # observer threads should not keep the interpreter alive self.daemon = True self._stop_event_source, self._stop_event_sink = os.pipe() self._handle_event = event_handler def run(self): self.monitor.enable_receiving() with closing(select.epoll()) as notifier: # poll on the stop event fd notifier.register(self._stop_event_source, select.EPOLLIN) # and on the monitor notifier.register(self.monitor, select.EPOLLIN) while True: for fd, _ in eintr_retry_call(notifier.poll): if fd == self._stop_event_source: # in case of a stop event, close our pipe side, and # return from the thread os.close(self._stop_event_source) return else: event = self.monitor.receive_device() if event: action, device = event self._handle_event(action, device) def send_stop(self): """ Send a stop signal to the background thread. The background thread will eventually exit, but it may still be running when this method returns. This method is essentially the asynchronous equivalent to :meth:`stop()`. .. note:: The underlying :attr:`monitor` is *not* stopped. """ if self._stop_event_sink is None: return try: # emit a stop event to the thread os.write(self._stop_event_sink, b'\x01') finally: # close the out-of-thread side of the pipe os.close(self._stop_event_sink) self._stop_event_sink = None def stop(self): """ Stop the background thread. .. warning:: Calling this method from the ``event_handler`` results in a dead lock. If you need to stop the observer from ``event_handler``, use :meth:`send_stop`, and be prepared to get some more events before the observer actually exits. Send a stop signal to the backgroud (see :meth:`send_stop`) and waits for the background thread to exit (see :meth:`~threading.Thread.join`). After this method returns, it is guaranteed that the ``event_handler`` passed to :meth:`MonitorObserver.__init__()` is not longer called for any event from :attr:`monitor`. .. note:: The underlying :attr:`monitor` is *not* stopped. """ self.send_stop() self.join()